Benefits of Smoking Cessation and the Role of Health Professionals

With tobacco involved in the deaths of more than eight million people globally, every year (WHO 2019), health professionals play an essential role in supporting people with cessation.

In Australia, tobacco smoking is a major contributor to preventable illness and death. In fact, it is estimated to contribute to the deaths of almost 19,000 Australians every year (ABS 2019).

Smoking cessation, the process of quitting smoking, is imperative to the health of every individual who smokes. Regardless of age or smoking-related conditions that have already developed, there are immediate and long-term health benefits to be gained by quitting (Cancer Council 2019).

Cessation is a difficult process due to the addictive property of nicotine in cigarettes. Dependence is a chronic condition and those who smoke will experience withdrawal symptoms when they attempt to abstain.

It’s important for anyone embarking on the cessation journey to remember that only a minority of initial cessation attempts are successful, with the average 40-year-old who smokes having made about 20 attempts on average (RACGP 2019). Therefore, a failed first attempt is not necessarily the end, but indeed an important first step on the road to recovery.

The most effective way to attempt cessation is through a combination of behavioural support and medication (RACGP 2019.).

Why Attempt Cessation?

Tobacco smoking contributes to the risk of health issues including but not limited to heart disease, diabetes, stroke, cancer, renal disease, eye disease and respiratory conditions (ABS 2019).

Of these conditions, cancer is the largest cause of smoking-related death and illness, with about 22% of the cancer burden attributed to smoking. There are over 7,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, more than 70 of which are carcinogens (AIHW 2018; 2020).

In 2015, smoking was also attributed to:

• 41% of respiratory diseases
• 11.5% of cardiovascular diseases
• 3.7% of endocrine disorders.

(RACGP 2019)

As well as being directly involved in numerous diseases and health problems, smoking is also a risk factor for a myriad of other conditions including Crohn’s disease, back pain, sleep disorders and autoimmune diseases (Quit n.d.).

It is also worth noting that people who smoke may be at increased risk of severe illness from COVID-19. This is because smoking compromises the immune system, impairs mucociliary clearance, increases inflammatory responses and causes cellular changes in the airway lining (QUIT 2020).

Smoking and Pregnancy

Smoking during pregnancy can have serious adverse effects on the fetus and contribute to the risk of pregnancy complications (RACGP 2019). These consequences include:

• Low birth weight
• Being small for gestational age
• Preterm birth
• Perinatal death
• Placental abruption
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
• Cleft palate
• Cleft lip
• Childhood cancers.

(RACGP 2019)

Passive Smoking

In addition to the potential long-term consequences for the smoker outlined above, smoking can also cause serious harm to others who breathe in the smoke second-hand and may exacerbate other conditions they may have (Better Health Channel 2019).

Second-hand smoke increases the risk of developing lung cancer by 20 to 30%, even if that individual has never smoked themselves. Infants and children are particularly susceptible to suffering adverse effects from second-hand smoke (CDC 2020).

About 1.2 million deaths every year can be attributed to passive smoking (RACGP 2019).

What are the Benefits of Cessation?

Quitting has immediate effects, and will continue to progressively improve the individual’s health as time goes on (Cancer Council 2019).

• After 12 hours, excess carbon monoxide is out of the system.
• After 5 days, most nicotine is out of the system.
• After one week, the senses of smell and taste improve.
• After one month, skin appearance will likely improve.
• After two months, the lungs are no longer producing extra phlegm.
• After three months, lung function and circulation improves.
• After one year, the risk of heart disease is halved.
• After five years, the risk of stroke is significantly decreased.
• After 10 years, the risk of lung cancer is halved.
• After 15 years, the risk of heart attack and stroke is the same as someone who has never smoked.

(DoH 2019)

Additionally, evidence shows that quitting may increase an individual’s life expectancy by about 3 to 10 years, depending on their smoking habits and age at cessation. Those who quit before the age of 30 may avoid excess risk of smoking-related death entirely (Cancer Council Victoria 2016).

Cessation will also protect others from the detrimental effects of cigarette smoke.

Methods of Smoking Cessation

These include:

• ‘Going cold turkey’ (stopping smoking abruptly without any further support)
• Gradually cutting down on cigarettes
• Medicines such as varenicline or bupropion
• Nicotine replacement therapy in the form of gum, patches, nasal or oral sprays, inhalers, or lozenges and tablets
• Counselling and support services.

(DoH 2020)

A systematic review by Rice et al. (2017) found that there is moderate-quality evidence that nurses can help clients to stop smoking via the provision of advice or support (Gilkes 2018).

Furthermore, Stead et al. (2016) found in their systematic review of over 50 studies that there was high-quality evidence supporting the effectiveness of smoking cessation approaches that consisted of both behavioural strategies and medicines (Gilkes 2018).

Barriers to Smoking Cessation

Identified barriers to cessation include:

• Using smoking as a form of stress relief
• Enjoyment of smoking
• Fear of weight gain after cessation
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Fear of failure
• Nicotine addiction
• Habit
• Lack of support and resources for quitting
• Boredom
• Life stressors
• Pro-smoking living environments
• Social pressure
• Smoking cultural norms
• Socioeconomic disadvantage.

(Twyman 2014; ATHRA 2018)

What is the Role of Healthcare Professionals in Cessation?

Healthcare professionals of all kinds play a crucial role in supporting cessation. They should identify clients who smoke and offer advice, treatment or referral for cessation at every opportunity, especially during periods where their smoking habits are particularly problematic (e.g. if they present with smoking-related diseases, if they are hospitalised or if they are pregnant) (RACGP 2019).

The 5As Intervention Method

The 5As are Australian guidelines for health professionals to address and assist with smoking cessation (RACGP 2019).

1. Ask all clients whether they smoke and record their smoking status.
2. Assess:
   • Whether the client has a nicotine dependence by asking questions (e.g. how long after waking does the client smoke their first cigarette?)
   • Whether there are any barriers to quitting, and if so, address the barriers with evidence-based strategies.
3. Advise the client to quit in a clear, non-confrontational manner. Continue to offer brief, positive reminders.
4. Offer to assist the client with cessation and encourage them if they accept
   • Establish a quit plan, suggest strategies and address barriers.
   • Assistance may include advice and support, referral or a combination.
5. Arrange a follow-up within a week of the client’s designated quitting day to review their progress and address any issues.
Monitor any medication and discuss relapse prevention.

(RACGP 2019)

Pharmacotherapy

Health professionals should recommend pharmacotherapy to all clients with nicotine dependence in addition to behavioural support. Medicines used to support cessation are proven to be effective (RACGP 2019).

Refer to the RACGP’s guide for more information on supporting a person’s smoking cessation.

Additional Resources

• Quit
• Supporting Smoking Cessation: A Guide for Health Professionals | RACGP

References

• Australian Bureau of Statistics 2019, 4364.0.55.001 - National Health Survey: First Results, 2017-18, Australian Bureau of Statistics, viewed 24 March 2020, https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4364.0.55.001~2017-18~Main%20Features~Smoking~85
• Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2020, Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drugs in Australia, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, viewed 24 March 2020, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/contents/drug-types/tobacco
• Australian Tobacco Harm Reduction Association 2018, Barriers to Quitting, ATHRA, viewed 9 July 2021, https://www.athra.org.au/barriers-to-quitting/
• Better Health Channel 2019, Passive Smoking, Better Health Channel, viewed 25 March 2020, https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/passive-smoking
• Cancer Council 2019, Quit Smoking, Cancer Council, viewed 25 March 2020, https://www.cancer.org.au/preventing-cancer/reduce-your-risk/quit-smoking.html
• Cancer Council 2019, Smoking, Cancer Council, viewed 26 March 2020, https://www.cancer.org.au/preventing-cancer/smoking-and-tobacco/smoking.html
• Cancer Council Victoria 2016, Tobacco in Australia 7.1: Health and Other Benefits of Quitting, Cancer Council Victoria, viewed 25 March 2020, https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-7-cessation/7-1-health-and-other-benefits-of-quitting
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020, Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, viewed 25 March 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/health_effects/index.htm
• Department of Health 2020, Qutting Methods, Australian Government, viewed 9 July 2021, https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/smoking-and-tobacco/how-to-quit-smoking/quitting-methods
• Department of Health 2019, Why Quit Smoking?, Australian Government Department, viewed 25 March 2020, https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/smoking-and-tobacco/how-to-quit-smoking/why-quit-smoking
• Gilkes, M 2018, ‘Smoking Cessation and the Nurse's Role - An Overview of Systematic Reviews’, Ausmed, 11 April, viewed 9 July 2021, https://www.ausmed.com.au/cpd/articles/smoking-cessation
• Quit 2020, Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Smoking - Information for Health Professionals, QUIT, viewed 9 July 2021, https://www.quit.org.au/resources/general-practice/info-health-professionals-covid-19-and-smoking/
• Quit n.d., Deaths & Disease From Smoking, Quit, viewed 24 March 2020, https://www.quit.org.au/resources/fact-sheets/deaths-and-disease-smoking/
• Rice, V H, Heath, L, Livingstone-Banks, J & Hartmann-Boyce, J 2017, ‘Nursing Interventions for Smoking Cessation’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 12, no. 12, viewed 9 July 2021, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29243221/
• Royal Australian College of General Practitioners 2019, Supporting Smoking Cessation: A Guide for Health Professionals, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, viewed 25 March 2020, https://www.racgp.org.au/getattachment/00185c4e-441b-45a6-88d1-8f05c71843cd/Supporting-smoking-cessation-A-guide-for-health-professionals.aspx
• Stead L F, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe T R & Lancaster, T, ‘Combined Pharmacotherapy and Behavioural Interventions for Smoking Cessation’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, vol. 24, no. 3, viewed 9 July 2021, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27009521/
• Twyman, L, Bonevski, B, Paul, C & Bryant, J 2014, ‘Perceived Barriers to Smoking Cessation in Selected Vulnerable Groups: A Systematic Review of the Qualitative and Quantitative Literature’, BMJ Open, vol. 4, no. 12, viewed 9 July 2021, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/12/e006414
• World Health Organisation 2019, Tobacco, World Health Organisation, viewed 25 March 2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco